[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":371},["ShallowReactive",2],{"publication-2025\u002Fintegrating-artificial-intelligence-with-human-expertise-an-in-depth-analysis-of-en":3,"publication-members":57},{"_path":4,"_dir":5,"_draft":6,"_partial":6,"_locale":7,"title":8,"description":9,"_hidden":6,"of ChatGPT's Capabilities in Generating Metamorphic Relations\" authors":10,"authors_orcid":17,"year":24,"doi":25,"openalex_id":26,"venue":27,"abstract_screenshot":28,"keywords":29,"body":37,"_type":50,"_id":51,"_source":52,"_file":53,"_stem":54,"_extension":55,"locale":56},"\u002Fpublications\u002F2025\u002Fintegrating-artificial-intelligence-with-human-expertise-an-in-depth-analysis-of","2025",false,"","Integrating Artificial Intelligence with Human Expertise: An In-depth Analysi","Context: This paper provides an in-depth examination of the generation and evaluation of Metamorphic Relations (MRs) using GPT models developed by OpenAI, with a particular focus on the capabilities of GPT-4 in software testing environments. Objective: The aim is to examine the quality of MRs produced by GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 for a specific System Under Test (SUT) adopted from an earlier study, and to introduce and apply an improved set of evaluation criteria for a diverse range of SUTs. Method: The initial phase evaluates MRs generated by GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 using criteria from a prior study, followed by an application of an enhanced evaluation framework on MRs created by GPT-4 for a diverse range of nine SUTs, varying from simple programs to complex systems incorporating AI\u002FML components. A custom-built GPT evaluator, alongside human evaluators, assessed the MRs, enabling a direct comparison between automated and human evaluation methods. Results: The study finds that GPT-4 outperforms GPT-3.5 in generating accurate and useful MRs. With the advanced evaluation criteria, GPT-4 demonstrates a significant ability to produce high-quality MRs across a wide range of SUTs, including complex systems incorporating AI\u002FML components. Conclusions: GPT-4 exhibits advanced capabilities in generating MRs suitable for various applications. The research underscores the growing potential of AI in software testing, particularly in the generation and evaluation of MRs, and points towards the complementarity of human and AI skills in this domain.",[11,12,13,14,15,16],"Zhang, Yifan","Towey, Dave","Pike, Matthew","Luu, Quang-Hung","Liu, Huai","Chen, Tsong Yueh",[18,19,20,21,22,23],"0000-0002-0962-8975","0000-0003-0877-4353","0000-0002-1543-0148","0000-0002-7771-9836","0000-0003-3125-4399","0000-0003-3578-0994",2025,"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.48550\u002Farxiv.2503.22141","W4416422254","ArXiv.org","integrating-artificial-intelligence-with-human-expertise-an-in-depth-analysis-of.png",[30,31,32,33,34,35,36],"Software","Complementarity (molecular biology)","Set (abstract data type)","Quality (philosophy)","Range (aeronautics)","Focus (optics)","Software quality",{"type":38,"children":39,"toc":47},"root",[40],{"type":41,"tag":42,"props":43,"children":44},"element","p",{},[45],{"type":46,"value":9},"text",{"title":7,"searchDepth":48,"depth":48,"links":49},2,[],"markdown","content:publications:2025:integrating-artificial-intelligence-with-human-expertise-an-in-depth-analysis-of.md","content","publications\u002F2025\u002Fintegrating-artificial-intelligence-with-human-expertise-an-in-depth-analysis-of.md","publications\u002F2025\u002Fintegrating-artificial-intelligence-with-human-expertise-an-in-depth-analysis-of","md","en",[58,72,77,88,95,103,109,118,125,131,136,146,153,162,168,180,189,198,204,212,217,225,231,239,243,253,260,268,273,282,288,296,302,310,315,321,331,339,345,353,358,366],{"_path":59,"title":60,"name":61,"role":62,"email":63,"image":64,"category":65,"interests":66,"order":48,"_id":71},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Falain-chong","Vice President for Global Affairs and Partnerships · Professor of Information Systems and Digital Innovation","Alain Chong","Deputy Director of Lab",null,"assets\u002F8.png","staff",[67,68,69,70],"信息系统与运作管理","计算机科学与运筹学","Information Systems and Operations Management","Computer Science and Operations Research","content:members:staff:alain-chong.md",{"_path":59,"title":73,"role":74,"interests":75,"_id":76},"全球事务与合作副校长 · 信息系统与数字创新教授","实验室副主任",[67,68],"content:members:staff:alain-chong.zh-CN.md",{"_path":78,"title":79,"name":80,"role":81,"email":63,"image":82,"category":65,"interests":83,"order":86,"_id":87},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Fanthony-belloti","Professor","Anthony Belloti","Core Member","assets\u002F41.png",[84,85],"Machine Learning and Credit Risk Model","Model Risks",9,"content:members:staff:anthony-belloti.md",{"_path":78,"title":89,"role":90,"interests":91,"_id":94},"计算机科学系教授","核心成员",[92,93],"机器学习与信用风险模型","模型风险","content:members:staff:anthony-belloti.zh-CN.md",{"_path":96,"title":97,"name":97,"role":81,"email":63,"image":98,"category":65,"interests":99,"order":101,"_id":102},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Fboon-giin-lee","Boon Giin Lee","assets\u002F31.jpg",[100],"Intelligent Sensor and Extended Reality",11,"content:members:staff:boon-giin-lee.md",{"_path":96,"title":104,"role":90,"interests":105,"_id":108},"人机交互实验室负责人 · 计算机科学系副教授",[106,107],"人机交互 HCI","智能传感与扩展现实技术","content:members:staff:boon-giin-lee.zh-CN.md",{"_path":110,"title":111,"name":111,"role":112,"email":63,"image":113,"category":65,"interests":114,"order":116,"_id":117},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Fcong-cao","Cong Cao","Direction Leader","assets\u002FCC.png",[115],"Science and technology policy and institutional reform",7,"content:members:staff:cong-cao.md",{"_path":110,"title":119,"name":120,"role":121,"interests":122,"_id":124},"宁波诺丁汉大学商学院创新学教授","曹聪","方向带头人",[123],"科技政策与体制改革","content:members:staff:cong-cao.zh-CN.md",{"_path":126,"title":127,"name":127,"role":81,"email":63,"image":128,"category":65,"order":129,"_id":130},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Fdave-towey","Dave Towey","assets\u002F32.jpg",8,"content:members:staff:dave-towey.md",{"_path":126,"title":132,"role":90,"interests":133,"_id":135},"计算机科学系教授 · 计算机科学系主任",[134],"计算机科学与语言学","content:members:staff:dave-towey.zh-CN.md",{"_path":137,"title":138,"name":138,"role":81,"email":63,"image":139,"category":65,"interests":140,"order":144,"_id":145},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Ffazl-ullah-khan","Fazl Ullah Khan","assets\u002F44.png",[141,142,143],"Computer Network","Computer Architecture and Network Security","Software Engineering",12,"content:members:staff:fazl-ullah-khan.md",{"_path":137,"title":147,"role":90,"interests":148,"_id":152},"计算机科学系助理教授 · IEEE 高级会员",[149,150,151],"计算机网络","计算机和网络安全","软件工程","content:members:staff:fazl-ullah-khan.zh-CN.md",{"_path":154,"title":155,"name":156,"role":81,"email":63,"image":157,"category":65,"interests":158,"order":160,"_id":161},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Fheng-yu","Associate Professor","Heng Yu","assets\u002FHENGYU.png",[159],"Embedded Systems Design",17,"content:members:staff:heng-yu.md",{"_path":154,"title":163,"name":164,"role":90,"interests":165,"_id":167},"计算机科学系副教授","于恒",[166],"嵌入式系统设计","content:members:staff:heng-yu.zh-CN.md",{"_path":169,"title":155,"name":170,"role":81,"email":63,"image":171,"category":65,"interests":172,"order":178,"_id":179},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Fheshan-du","Heshan Du","assets\u002Fhesahndu.png",[173,174,175,176,177],"Logic, Knowledge Representation and Reasoning","Geographic Information Systems","Operations Research","Machine Learning","Reinforcement Learning",20,"content:members:staff:heshan-du.md",{"_path":169,"title":163,"name":181,"role":90,"interests":182,"_id":188},"杜何珊",[183,184,185,186,187],"逻辑与知识表示","地理信息系统","运筹学","机器学习","强化学习","content:members:staff:heshan-du.zh-CN.md",{"_path":190,"title":191,"name":192,"role":81,"email":63,"image":193,"category":65,"interests":194,"order":196,"_id":197},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Fhuan-jin","Assistant Professor","Huan Jin","assets\u002Fhuanjin.png",[195,176],"Optimisation",21,"content:members:staff:huan-jin.md",{"_path":190,"title":199,"name":200,"role":90,"interests":201,"_id":203},"计算机科学系助理教授","靳欢",[202,186],"优化","content:members:staff:huan-jin.zh-CN.md",{"_path":205,"title":155,"name":206,"role":112,"email":63,"image":207,"category":65,"interests":208,"order":210,"_id":211},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Fjianfeng-ren","Jianfeng Ren","assets\u002F42.jpg",[176,209],"Computer Vision",3,"content:members:staff:jianfeng-ren.md",{"_path":205,"title":163,"name":213,"role":121,"interests":214,"_id":216},"任剑锋",[186,215],"计算机视觉","content:members:staff:jianfeng-ren.zh-CN.md",{"_path":218,"title":219,"name":219,"role":112,"email":63,"image":220,"category":65,"interests":221,"order":223,"_id":224},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Fjiawei-li","Jiawei Li","assets\u002F11.png",[222],"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence",15,"content:members:staff:jiawei-li.md",{"_path":218,"title":226,"name":227,"role":121,"interests":228,"_id":230},"计算机科学系助理教授 · 英国诺丁汉大学博士后","李家炜",[229],"计算机与人工智能","content:members:staff:jiawei-li.zh-CN.md",{"_path":232,"title":155,"name":233,"role":81,"email":63,"image":234,"category":65,"interests":235,"order":237,"_id":238},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Fmatthew-pike","Matthew Pike","assets\u002F43.jpg",[236],"Digitalised Learning",16,"content:members:staff:matthew-pike.md",{"_path":232,"title":163,"role":90,"interests":240,"_id":242},[241],"数字化学习","content:members:staff:matthew-pike.zh-CN.md",{"_path":244,"title":191,"name":245,"role":81,"email":63,"image":246,"category":65,"interests":247,"order":251,"_id":252},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Fning-xue","Ning Xue","\u002Fimages\u002Fuon-logo.png",[248,249,250],"Artificial Intelligence","Computational Intelligence","Combinatorial Optimization",13,"content:members:staff:ning-xue.md",{"_path":244,"title":199,"name":254,"role":90,"interests":255,"_id":259},"薛宁",[256,257,258],"人工智能","计算智能","组合优化","content:members:staff:ning-xue.zh-CN.md",{"_path":261,"title":191,"name":262,"role":81,"email":63,"image":263,"category":65,"interests":264,"order":266,"_id":267},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Fqian-zhang","Qian Zhang","assets\u002Fqz.png",[265,209,176],"Image Processing",14,"content:members:staff:qian-zhang.md",{"_path":261,"title":199,"name":269,"role":90,"interests":270,"_id":272},"张茜",[271,215,186],"图像处理","content:members:staff:qian-zhang.zh-CN.md",{"_path":274,"title":79,"name":275,"role":276,"email":63,"image":277,"category":65,"interests":278,"orcid":279,"order":280,"_id":281},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Fruibin-bai","Ruibin Bai","Director of Lab","assets\u002F38.png",[70],"0000-0003-1722-568X",1,"content:members:staff:ruibin-bai.md",{"_path":274,"title":283,"name":284,"role":285,"interests":286,"_id":287},"教授","白瑞斌","实验室主任",[68],"content:members:staff:ruibin-bai.zh-CN.md",{"_path":289,"title":290,"name":290,"role":112,"email":63,"image":291,"category":65,"interests":292,"order":294,"_id":295},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Fsean-he","Sean He","assets\u002F39.png",[209,293,176],"Data Analytics",5,"content:members:staff:sean-he.md",{"_path":289,"title":297,"name":298,"role":121,"interests":299,"_id":301},"计算机科学系教授 · 国家级讲席学者","何祥健",[215,300,186],"数据分析","content:members:staff:sean-he.zh-CN.md",{"_path":303,"title":304,"name":304,"role":81,"email":63,"image":305,"category":65,"interests":306,"order":308,"_id":309},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Ftianxiang-cui","Tianxiang Cui","assets\u002Ftianxiangcui.png",[249,307,176,177],"Operation Research",19,"content:members:staff:tianxiang-cui.md",{"_path":303,"title":147,"name":311,"role":90,"interests":312,"_id":314},"崔天翔",[257,313,186,187],"运筹研究","content:members:staff:tianxiang-cui.zh-CN.md",{"_path":316,"title":79,"name":317,"role":81,"email":63,"image":318,"category":65,"order":319,"_id":320},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Fxiuping-hua","Xiuping Hua","assets\u002FxiupignHua.png",10,"content:members:staff:xiuping-hua.md",{"_path":316,"title":322,"name":323,"role":90,"interests":324,"_id":330},"金融、会计与经济系教授","华秀萍",[325,326,327,328,329,92],"资产定价","公司金融","衍生品","金融科技","创新金融和普惠金融","content:members:staff:xiuping-hua.zh-CN.md",{"_path":332,"title":79,"name":333,"role":81,"email":63,"image":334,"category":65,"interests":335,"order":337,"_id":338},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Fying-weng","Ying Weng","assets\u002Fyingweng.png",[209,265,336],"IoT",4,"content:members:staff:ying-weng.md",{"_path":332,"title":89,"name":340,"role":90,"interests":341,"_id":344},"翁莹",[215,271,342,343],"物联网 IoT","无线网络安全与服务质量","content:members:staff:ying-weng.zh-CN.md",{"_path":346,"title":191,"name":347,"role":81,"email":63,"image":348,"category":65,"interests":349,"order":351,"_id":352},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Fyuan-yao","Yuan Yao","assets\u002Fyuanyao.png",[350],"Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems",18,"content:members:staff:yuan-yao.md",{"_path":346,"title":199,"name":354,"role":90,"interests":355,"_id":357},"姚远",[356],"自主智能体与多智能体系统","content:members:staff:yuan-yao.zh-CN.md",{"_path":359,"title":191,"name":360,"role":112,"email":63,"image":361,"category":65,"interests":362,"order":364,"_id":365},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Fzheng-lu","Zheng Lu","assets\u002F13.png",[363],"Computer Science",6,"content:members:staff:zheng-lu.md",{"_path":359,"title":199,"name":367,"role":121,"interests":368,"_id":370},"卢正",[369],"计算机科学","content:members:staff:zheng-lu.zh-CN.md",1782639515125]